Due to the difficulty African Americans had in finding work, many started their own businesses beginning in the 1850’s. These businesses tended to be small, served generally just the African American community, and rarely passed from generation to generation, however, some businesses were larger and more successful. From an early date, particularly in Keokuk with its larger African American population, there were African American professionals. These numbers have continued to increase. Barriers have lifted since the 1960’s. It is now easier for African American businesses to find funds to begin. Now African American businesses serve the community generally and not only the African American community.

(on left) Peter Boyd claimed to be the slave of U.S. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and to have taken care of Clay’s race horses. He came to Keokuk after the Civil War and established his own business hauling freight. Many African Americans either worked hauling freight or established their own freight hauling business. Another common business pursued by African Americans, particularly before 1900 were barbershops. In the early 1900’s there were at least five African American owned barbershops in Keokuk.

Photo of Peter Boyd and his wagon, circa 1900 ~Courtesy of the Lee County Historical Society

(top right) Some African American women did own businesses. The most common business for women was as beautician. Florence Weldon of Keokuk owned the Depression Inn, a social club for African Americans in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Keokuk native, Thomas Holton remembers “Young Blacks and teenagers gathered on one side to socialize. They could have their milkshakes, hamburgers and fries along with a juke box. No alcohol was served on this side. On the other side of the club, the adults had their own entertainment with dancing and alcoholic drinks.”

Photo of Florence Weldon at the Depression Inn circa 1940

(bottom right) Ambrose Walker made his living hauling junk. This was a common small business for a number of African Americans throughout the 20th century.

Ambrose Walker with his wagon at 4th and Blondeau, 1936 ~Courtesy of the Lee County Historical Society